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What is ferulic acid and why is it paired with Vitamin C?

Ferulic acid is a plant-based antioxidant that significantly boosts the stability and efficacy of vitamin C and vitamin E. Studies show that combining 15% L-ascorbic acid with 0.5% ferulic acid and 1% vitamin E doubles the photoprotection of vitamin C alone and extends shelf life considerably. This trio is considered the gold-standard antioxidant combination in evidence-based skincare.

What skincare ingredients should not be mixed?

The most important combinations to avoid are retinol with AHA/BHA acids (increases irritation), vitamin C with AHA/BHA acids (can cause over-exfoliation and irritation), and benzoyl peroxide with retinol (they can deactivate each other). Additionally, two strong exfoliants should not be used simultaneously. When in doubt, use one active per routine and separate conflicting actives to morning versus evening.